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Appendix I: Quick Reference >>
HTML Special Character Reference
HTML entities (also known as character entity references) enable you to use characters that aren't supported by the document's character encoding or your keyboard. For example, you can type © to output a copyright symbol.
You can also use numeric character references. Numeric character references can be defined with either a decimal or hexadecimal value (although decimal is more common). The numeric character reference for the copyright symbol is © (decimal) and © (hexadecimal).
A key benefit that numeric character references have over entities is that they can be used to specify any unicode character, whereas entities can only specify some.
The following table is an abbreviated list of HTML special characters.
You can also use numeric character references. Numeric character references can be defined with either a decimal or hexadecimal value (although decimal is more common). The numeric character reference for the copyright symbol is © (decimal) and © (hexadecimal).
A key benefit that numeric character references have over entities is that they can be used to specify any unicode character, whereas entities can only specify some.
The following table is an abbreviated list of HTML special characters.
| To do this... | Type this... | Or this... | Description |
| ' | ‘ | left single quote | |
| ' | ’ | right single quote | |
| ‚ | ‚ | single low-9 quote | |
| " | “ | left double quote | |
| " | ” | right double quote | |
| „ | „ | double low-9 quote | |
| † | † | dagger | |
| ‡ | ‡ | double dagger | |
| ‰ | ‰ | per mill sign | |
| ‹ | ‹ | single left-pointing angle quote | |
| › | › | single right-pointing angle quote | |
| ♠ | ♠ | black spade suit | |
| ♣ | ♣ | black club suit | |
| ♥ | ♥ | black heart suit | |
| ♦ | ♦ | black diamond suit | |
| ★ | ★ | black star | |
| ☆ | ☆ | white star | |
| ‾ | ‾ | overline, = spacing overscore | |
| ← | ← | leftward arrow | |
| ↑ | ↑ | upward arrow | |
| → | → | rightward arrow | |
| ↓ | ↓ | downward arrow | |
| ™ | ™ | trademark sign | |
| �-  | unused | ||
| 	 | horizontal tab | ||
| | line feed | ||
|   | space | ||
| ! | ! | exclamation mark | |
| " | " | " | double quotation mark |
| # | # | number sign | |
| $ | $ | dollar sign | |
| % | % | percent sign | |
| & | & | & | ampersand |
| ' | ' | apostrophe | |
| ( | ( | left parenthesis | |
| ) | ) | right parenthesis | |
| * | * | asterisk | |
| + | + | plus sign | |
| , | , | comma | |
| - | - | hyphen | |
| . | . | period | |
| / | ⁄ | / | slash |
| 0 - 9 | 0- 9 | digits 0-9 | |
| : | : | colon | |
| ; | ; | semicolon | |
| < | < | < | less-than sign |
| = | = | equals sign | |
| > | > | > | greater-than sign |
| ? | ? | question mark | |
| @ | @ | at sign | |
| A - Z | A- Z | uppercase letters A-Z | |
| [ | [ | left square bracket | |
| \ | backslash | ||
| ] | ] | right square bracket | |
| ^ | ^ | caret | |
| _ | _ | horizontal bar (underscore) | |
| ` | ` | grave accent | |
| a - z | a- z | lowercase letters a-z | |
| { | { | left curly brace | |
| | | | | vertical bar | |
| / | ⁄ | / | slash |
| ° | ° | ° | degree sign |
| ± | ± | ± | plus or minus |
| ² | ² | ² | superscript two |
| ³ | ³ | ³ | superscript three |
| ´ | ´ | ´ | acute accent |
| µ | µ | µ | micro sign |
| ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | paragraph sign |
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· | · | middle dot |
| ¸ | ¸ | ¸ | cedilla |
| ¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript one |
| º | º | º | masculine ordinal |
| » | » | right angle quote | |
| ¼ | ¼ | ¼ | one-fourth |
| ½ | ½ | ½ | one-half |
| ¾ | ¾ | ¾ | three-fourths |
| ¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark |
| ⇒ | À | À | uppercase A, grave accent |
| Á | Á | Á | uppercase A, acute accent |
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 |  | uppercase A, circumflex accent |
| Ã | Ã | Ã | uppercase A, tilde |
| Ä | Ä | Ä | uppercase A, umlaut |
| Å | Å | Å | uppercase A, ring |
| Æ | Æ | Æ | uppercase AE |
| Ç | Ç | Ç | uppercase C, cedilla |
| È | È | È | uppercase E, grave accent |
| É | É | É | uppercase E, acute accent |
| Ê | Ê | Ê | uppercase E, circumflex accent |
| Ë | Ë | Ë | uppercase E, umlaut |
| Ì | Ì | Ì | uppercase I, grave accent |
| Í | Í | Í | uppercase I, acute accent |
| Î | Î | Î | uppercase I, circumflex accent |
| Ï | Ï | Ï | uppercase I, umlaut |
| Ð | Ð | Ð | uppercase Eth, Icelandic |
| Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | uppercase N, tilde |
| Ò | Ò | Ò | uppercase O, grave accent |
| Ó | Ó | Ó | uppercase O, acute accent |
| Ô | Ô | Ô | uppercase O, circumflex accent |
| Õ | Õ | Õ | uppercase O, tilde |
| Ö | Ö | Ö | uppercase O, umlaut |
| × | × | × | multiplication sign |
| Ø | Ø | Ø | uppercase O, slash |
| Ù | Ù | Ù | uppercase U, grave accent |
| Ú | Ú | Ú | uppercase U, acute accent |
| Û | Û | Û | uppercase U, circumflex accent |
| Ü | Ü | Ü | uppercase U, umlaut |
| Ý | Ý | Ý | uppercase Y, acute accent |
| Þ | Þ | Þ | uppercase THORN, Icelandic |
| ß | ß | ß | lowercase sharps, German |
| ⇒ | à | à | lowercase a, grave accent |
| á | á | á | lowercase a, acute accent |
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â | â | lowercase a, circumflex accent |
| ã | ã | ã | lowercase a, tilde |
| ä | ä | ä | lowercase a, umlaut |
| å | å | å | lowercase a, ring |
| æ | æ | æ | lowercase ae |
| ç | ç | ç | lowercase c, cedilla |
| è | è | è | lowercase e, grave accent |
| é | é | é | lowercase e, acute accent |
| ê | ê | ê | lowercase e, circumflex accent |
| ë | ë | ë | lowercase e, umlaut |
| ì | ì | ì | lowercase i, grave accent |
| í | í | í | lowercase i, acute accent |
| î | î | î | lowercase i, circumflex accent |
| ï | ï | ï | lowercase i, umlaut |
| ð | ð | ð | lowercase eth, Icelandic |
| ñ | ñ | ñ | lowercase n, tilde |
| ò | ò | ò | lowercase o, grave accent |
| ó | ó | ó | lowercase o, acute accent |
| ô | ô | ô | lowercase o, circumflex accent |
| õ | õ | õ | lowercase o, tilde |
| ö | ö | ö | lowercase o, umlaut |
| ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division sign |
| ø | ø | ø | lowercase o, slash |
| ù | ù | ù | lowercase u, grave accent |
| ú | ú | ú | lowercase u, acute accent |
| û | û | û | lowercase u, circumflex accent |
| ü | ü | ü | lowercase u, umlaut |
| ý | ý | ý | lowercase y, acute accent |
| þ | þ | þ | lowercase thorn, Icelandic |
| ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | lowercase y, umlaut |
"For people who make websites" - A List Apart Magazine explores the design, development, and meaning of web content, with a special focus on web standards and best practices.
HTML Validator is a Mozilla extension that adds HTML validation inside Firefox and Mozilla. The number of errors of a HTML page is seen in the form of an icon in the status bar when browsing. The details of the errors are seen when looking the HTML source of the page.
The extension is based on Tidy and OpenSP. Both algorithms were originally developed by the Web Consortium W3C. Both algorithms are embedded inside Mozilla/Firefox and makes the validation locally on your machine, without sending HTML to a third party server.
The extension is based on Tidy and OpenSP. Both algorithms were originally developed by the Web Consortium W3C. Both algorithms are embedded inside Mozilla/Firefox and makes the validation locally on your machine, without sending HTML to a third party server.
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Starting at the beginning, this reference explains everything you need to know about using core JavaScript. It assumes you have the following basic background: a general understanding of the Internet and the World Wide Web and a good working knowledge of HTML. An excellent resource.
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Clearspring's free Launchpad widget builder lets you easily turn your website's content into a widget which site visitors can use to place your content on all the major social media sites (MySpace, FaceBook, Google, hi5, Live, Yahoo, Wordpress, Blogger, etc.). The service also provides tracking and analysis.
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Useful Resources
View all resources
Editor Favorites
- A List Apart
- HTML Validator Firefox Plugin
- Open Clip Art Library
- Core JavaScript Guide: Version 1.5
- Splashup
- XML Sitemaps Generator
- Clearspring Launchpad
- Text Fixer
Links to Consider
References
- HTML Special Character Reference
Quackit.com (2008-12-20)
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